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In the beginning For thousands and thousands of years, people produced most of what they needed for themselves. They grew or hunted for their own food, and made their own simple tools. But little by little they learned that they could have more varied goods by trading. Little is known about the beginnings of trade. Perhaps it was English 8int, used to make primitive tools, and much traded in Europe thousands of years before Christ. Or was it the Egyptians, as early as 300o BC, travelling down the African coast as far as the Zambezi River in search of gold, silver, and slaves? Thc Ancicnt World - BC The earliest trade we do know zo something about is the caravan trade across the deserts of Asia around z5oo sc, to and from cities in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia. These caravans had to carry fodder for the animals and food zs for the drivers and merchants. Not much space was left for the cargo. As a result, the goods carried were light but valuable, things such as gold and precious stones - that is, luxuries and so not necessities. After this, trade by sea started to becozse more common. The Phoenicians on the coast of Syria are thought to have been the first to develop commerce by sea as around iooo Bc, trading from ports in Syria to Crete, Cyprus, Rhodes, and other Greek islands, and also to North Africa. The Phoenicians were manufacturers. They exported metal 4o ware, glassware, and textiles. These were. traded for raw materials, especia~r tin, copper, and silver. This trade also was mainly in luxuries for the ships were small. 45 The Phoenicians lived at the same time as the Greeks and the Romans. Athens was the ~ first big commercial city in Europe, and it was the first community to import and export necessities (not so just luxuries) in large quantities. Grain was imported for the increasing population from the shores of the Black Sea, and exports included figs, olive oil, wine, honey, pottery, metalware, .. ss and textiles. Greek armies marched into Persia, Central Asia, and India, and brought back luxury goods such as spices, drugs, and silk. Read the article about the history of world trade. Then answer the questions. re e o usan ears o wor ra e The Itoman Empire (z7 sc-476 An) was the next big trading community. The city of Rome itself produced little, ~~5 Thc but it mported a lot. It was the political capital and financial centre of the Empire. Increasing quantities of luxuries were imported from the east and from North Africa, but these were not bought by the Romans. They were the tax paid to ~o Rome by the various peoples that it had conquered. Imports included tin, slaves, cloth, and jewels. The Romans also traded with China, and brought The modern world began as the `Age of Discoveries : The great voyages of Spanish and Portuguese explorers, such as Christopher Columbus (i49z), 0o Vasco da Gama (i498), and Ferdinand Magellan (i5i9), opened up new trade routes to the Americas, Africa, and India. This was the beginning of ocean travel. back silkworms to start a sil W ndustry Britain and other countries of northern in Europe. os Europe formed big companies, and In the fifth century An, Byzantium each was given a certain part of the (later ca~ed ~ Constantinople, and now z'~'o~'ld to explore ancl exploit. The r~ew Istanbul) became the political capital of companies penetrated into distant the Roman Empire, and remained the lands, and brought back their products, world's commercial capital until the izth ~2o many of which were new and unknown: century. Its importance was founded on tomatoes, potatoes, cocoa, green beans, manufacturing - textiles, leatherwork, and corn. By the i7th century, the Dutch dominated the world's trade, with the armour, pottery, and artistic metal work. The Byzantine coin, known as the French and the English as their close bezant, became the first single currency '25 rivals. All three nations opened up the of European business. tropical lands of the East and West Indies, and imported sugar, tobacco, Th M'ddl A tea, and coffee into Europe. During the i9th century, the industrial ~ao revolution led to greater production, and the pattern of world trade started to In the izth and i3th centuries, Venice become what it is today. and Genoa became the world's leading ~o trade centres. In i27i, the Venetian, Today Marco Polo, went by land and sea to China and helped establish trading links. Venice was well placed to be the main European commercial centre. It Today, mass advertising persuades s5 had, of course, the sea, and it was by ,35 people of many different nationalities sea that luxuries such as spices and to use the same products. Millions of silks arrived from the East. These were people around the world drink the then re-exported in fleets of ships to same soft drinks, drive the same cars, ports in Spain, England, and Flanders: wear the same clothes, and eat the ~oo During the late Middle Ages, Bruges ,4o same hamburgers. became the leading trade centre in northern Europe. Other goods went In Previous centuries, trade was more local, and people's tastes varied from overland, across the Alps to French and German cities. one country to another. Imports used to bring diversity. It is ironic that 145 today's vast international markets have resulted in a world with more homogeneous tastes.